Iindlela zokwenziwa kwe-acrylate reactive diluents ziquka ikakhulu i-esterification ethe ngqo, i-transesterification, indlela ye-acid chloride, i-phase-transfer catalysis, kunye ne-addition esterification. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwenziwa nge-direct esterification.
(1) Ukuqinisekiswa ngokuthe ngqo
CH₂=CHCOOH + ROH -i-catalyst→ CH₂=CHCOOR + H₂O
Ii-catalysts ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-esterification ethe ngqo ziquka i-sulfuric acid exineneyo, i-p-toluenesulfonic acid, kunye ne-methanesulfonic acid. Ukusebenzisa i-sulfuric acid exineneyo njenge-esterification catalyst kudla ngokubangela iimpendulo ezingalindelekanga ezifana nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, i-oxidation, kunye ne-self-esterification yee-reactants. Oku kuvelisa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo, kwenza kube nzima ukucocwa kwemveliso kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezinto eziluhlaza, kuphazamisa iinkqubo zasemva konyango, kwaye kubeka emngciphekweni umgangatho wemveliso ngelixa kutshabalalisa izixhobo. Ngenxa yoko, i-PTSA isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yangoku yemizi-mveliso ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo, kubandakanya iimfuno zedosi ephantsi, amaqondo obushushu aphantsi okuphendula, amazinga aphezulu okuguqulwa, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wemveliso. Xa kugqityiwe ukusabela, i-catalyst inokwahlulwa ngokulula kwimveliso, okwenza kube lula ukuhamba komsebenzi kwenkqubo. Amanzi aveliswa ngexesha lokusabela kwe-esterification asuswa kusetyenziswa i-azeotropic entrainer (i-dehydrating agent). Izinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka i-benzene, i-toluene, i-xylene, i-cyclohexane, kunye ne-n-heptane, ezenza i-azeotropes ngamanzi asabelayo ukuze zithwalwe. Ii-alkanes zibiza kakhulu kwaye ziyaguquguquka kakhulu; i-xylene ineqondo lokubila eliphezulu; i-benzene ineqondo lokubila eliphantsi kunye nokuguquguquka okuphezulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuyifumana, kwaye ibonisa ubuthi obuphezulu. Ke ngoko, i-toluene ithandwa kakhulu njenge-entrainer. I-Toluene ineqondo lokubila eliyi-110°C kunye neqondo lokubila eliyi-azeotropic le-azeotropic le-water-toluene eliyi-84°C; iqina ngokulula ngexesha lokususa i-vacuum distillation solvent stripping, iqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokubuyisela, ubuthi obuphantsi kune-benzene, kunye neendleko ezingabizi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imiqathango yemithetho kwi-benzene-series solvents kwiingubo, ii-inki, kunye nee-adhesives ikhuthaze abavelisi abaninzi ukuba bayeke i-toluene bakhethe i-alkane-based entrainers. Kufuneka kuqaliswe izithinteli ze-polymerization ngexesha lenkqubo ye-esterification ukuthintela i-polymerization yangaphambi kwexesha ye-acrylic acid monomer kunye nemveliso ye-acrylate ephumayo. Izithinteli ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka ii-phenolic compounds (ezifana ne-hydroquinone [HQ] kunye ne-tert-butylhydroquinone [TBHQ]), ii-amine compounds (ezifana ne-phenothiazine kunye ne-p-phenylenediamine), kunye nee-copper coordination complexes (ezifana ne-copper dimethyldiethyldithiocarbamate kunye ne-copper dibutyl dithiocarbamate), ezisetyenziswa zodwa okanye njengefomyula exutyiweyo. Kwi-alkyl acrylates eziphezulu, i-melt esterification ingasetyenziswa. Le ndlela isusa isidingo se-entrainer kwaye inciphisa idosi efunekayo yee-catalysts kunye nee-inhibitors. Emva kwe-reflux reaction kwi-110–120°C, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kuyenziwa, kwaye i-acrylic acid engaphendulwanga kunye namanzi aseleyo ekugqibeleni asuswa nge-vacuum distillation, nto leyo evelisa ii-alkyl acrylates eziphezulu ezinobumsulwa obuphezulu kunye nemveliso ephezulu.
(2) Ukuguqulwa kwee-ester
CH₂=CHCOOCH₃ + ROH → CH₂=CHCOOR + CH₃OH
Xa kulungiswa ii-acrylates eziphezulu ze-alkyl okanye ii-acrylates ezisebenzayo nge-transesterification, i-methyl acrylate idla ngokukhethwa njengesixhobo sokuqala se-alkyl ester esezantsi. Ngenxa yenqanaba layo eliphantsi lokubila (80°C), i-esterification kufuneka yenziwe kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, nto leyo eyandisa ixesha lokuphendula. Ngaphezu koko, i-methanol ephuma kwimveliso yenza i-azeotrope ene-methyl acrylate (inqanaba lokubila 62–63°C), ethwala i-methyl acrylate esabelayo kwaye ngenxa yoko yehlise isivuno se-ester ephezulu ekujoliswe kuyo. I-Methyl acrylate kunye nee-acrylates eziphezulu zisengozini enkulu ye-copolymerization kunye ne-homopolymerization, nto leyo enciphisa ngakumbi isivuno se-acrylates eziphezulu; ngoko ke, kufuneka iidosi ezongezelelweyo zezithinteli rhoqo. Ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa kweendleko kunye nobunzima emva konyango, le ndlela ayisasetyenziswa kwezorhwebo ekuhlanganiseni ii-acrylates eziphezulu ze-alkyl kunye nee-acrylates ezisebenzayo.
(3) Indlela ye-Acid Chloride
CH₂=CHCOOH + SOCl₂ → CH₂=CHCOCl + HCl + CO₂
CH₂=CHCOCl + ROH → CH₂=CHCOOR + HCl
Le ndlela iqala ngokuphendula i-acrylic acid kunye ne-thionyl chloride ukuze ivelise i-acryloyl chloride, ethi emva koko idlule kwi-esterification reaction kunye ne-alcohol. Ayifuni zi-catalysts okanye i-entrainers. Ngenxa yokuba i-reaction iqhubeka kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, ukongezwa kwe-polymerization inhibitors nako kuyathintelwa. I-esterification iqhubeka phantse ngobuninzi, ivelisa ubumsulwa obubalaseleyo bemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, yinkqubo enamanyathelo amabini eneendleko eziphezulu zemveliso. I-reaction ivelisa ubungakanani obukhulu beegesi ze-HCl kunye ne-SO₂, ezifuna iinkqubo zokuhluza ezinamanqanaba amaninzi ezinezisombululo ze-alkaline ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye namanzi okufunxa.
(4) I-Phase-Transfer Catalysis (PTC)
2CH₂=CH₃|C-COOH + Na₂CO₃ → 2CH₂=CH₃|C-COONA + CO₂ + H₂O
CH₂=CH₃|C-COONA + ClCH₂-CH₂O → CH₂=CH₃|C-COOCH₂-CH₂O + NaCl
I-Sodium methacrylate ikhona njenge-solid, ngelixa i-epichlorohydrin ilulwelo. Xa kungekho catalyst, impendulo phakathi kwazo iyancipha kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusetyenziswe i-phase-transfer catalyst (PTC). Ii-phase-transfer catalysts ezifanelekileyo ziquka i-quaternary ammonium salts, i-quaternary phosphonium salts, kunye ne-crown ethers. Ii-quaternary ammonium salts zezona zixhaphakileyo, ezifana ne-cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), i-benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (BTMAC), kunye ne-tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC). Ubukho bomswakama kwinkqubo yokusabela bubangela iimpendulo ezingalindelekanga; ke ngoko, ukuze kuphuculwe isivuno, zombini izinto ezikrwada kunye nenkqubo yokusabela kufuneka zigcinwe zingenamanzi kwaye zomile.
(5) Ukufakelwa kwe-Esterification
CH₂=R₁|C-COOH + CH₂-CH₂O-R₂ → CH₂=R₁|C-COO-CH₂-OH|CH₂-R₂
Ngokungenisa i-ethylene oxide okanye i-propylene oxide ngqo kwi-(meth)acrylic acid xa kukho i-catalyst, ukongeza i-ring-opening esterification kwenzeka, kuhlanganiswa i-hydroxy (meth)acrylates (ezifana ne-HEA, i-HEMA, i-HPA, okanye i-HPMA). 
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-10-2026
