Njengoko umdla ukhula kwii-inki ezintsha ze-UV LED kunye ne-Dual-Cure UV, abavelisi abaphambili be-inki abanokunyangwa ngamandla banethemba ngekamva lobuchwepheshe.
Imakethi enyangekayo ngamandla – i-ultraviolet (UV), i-UV LED kunye ne-electron beam (EB) yokwelapha– ibilimarike eqinileyo ixesha elide, njengoko ukusebenza kunye neenzuzo zokusingqongileyo ziqhubele phambili ukukhula kwentengiso kwizicelo ezininzi.
Nangona iteknoloji yokulungisa amandla isetyenziswa kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo, i-inki kunye nobugcisa bemizobo ibe yenye yezona candelo zinkulu.
“Ukususela ekupakisheni ukuya kwimiqondiso, iilebheli, kunye nokuprinta kwezorhwebo, ii-inki ezicociweyo ze-UV zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezingenakuthelekiswa nanto ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kakuhle, umgangatho, kunye nokuzinza kokusingqongileyo,”utshilo uJayashri Bhadane, uPhando lweMarike eNgaphandleUBhadane uqikelela ukuba imakethi iya kufikelela kwi-$4.9 yeebhiliyoni kwintengiso ekupheleni kuka-2031, kwi-CAGR ye-9.2% ngonyaka.
Abavelisi abaphambili beinki enyangekayo ngamandla nabo banethemba elifanayo. UDerrick Hemmings, umphathi wemveliso, isikrini, i-flexo enyangekayo yamandla, i-LED eMntla Melika,Ikhemikhali yeLanga, uthe nangona icandelo lamandla anganyangekiyo liqhubeka likhula, ezinye iindlela zobuchwepheshe ezikhoyo azisetyenziswa kakhulu, ezifana ne-UV yendabuko kunye nee-inki zesiqhelo ezifakwe kwiisheetfed kwizicelo ze-offset.
UHideyuki Hinataya, umphathi jikelele weCandelo leNtengiso ye-Overseas Ink kwiUT&K Toka, ekwicandelo le-inki enyangekayo ngamandla, iqaphele ukuba ukuthengiswa kwee-inki ezinyanga amandla kuyanda xa kuthelekiswa nee-inki eziqhelekileyo ezisekelwe kwi-oyile.
UZeller+Gmelin ukwangugqirha okwaziyo ukunyanga amandla; uTim Smith waseZeller+Gmelin'sIqela loLawulo lweeMveliso liqaphele ukuba ngenxa yeenzuzo zabo zokusingqongileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ishishini lokushicilela liya lisebenzisa ngakumbi ii-inki zokonga amandla, ezifana nobuchwepheshe be-UV kunye ne-LED.
“Ezi inki zikhupha iikhompawundi ze-organic eziguquguqukayo (ii-VOC) eziphantsi kunee-inki ze-solvent, zihambelana nemigaqo engqongqo yokusingqongileyo kunye neenjongo zokuzinza,” utshilo uSmith. “Zibonelela ngokunyanga ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla okuncitshisiweyo, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula imveliso.
“Kwakhona, ukunamathela kwazo okuphezulu, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana neekhemikhali kuzenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukupakishwa kwe-CPG kunye neelebheli,” wongeze watsho uSmith. “Nangona iindleko zokuqala ziphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kwexesha elide kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho ezizisayo kuyayithethelela imali. I-Zeller+Gmelin iyamkele le ndlela yokujonga ii-inki zokuphelisa amandla ezibonisa ukuzinikela kweshishini ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha, ukuzinza, kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno eziguqukayo zabathengi kunye nemibutho elawulayo.”
UAnna Niewiadomska, umphathi wentengiso yehlabathi jikelele kwiwebhu emxinwa,Iqela leFlintUthe umdla kunye nokukhula komthamo wentengiso yee-inki ezinokunyangeka kwamandla zenze inkqubela phambili enkulu kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yinkqubo yokuprinta ephambili kwicandelo lewebhu elincinci.
“Izinto ezibangela olu hlumo ziquka umgangatho ophucukileyo woshicilelo kunye neempawu zalo, ukwanda kwemveliso, kunye nokuncipha kwamandla kunye nenkunkuma, ingakumbi xa kuqala i-UV LED,” utshilo uNiewiadomska. “Ngaphezu koko, ii-inki ezinyangekayo ngamandla zinokudibana - kwaye zihlala zidlula - umgangatho we-letterpress kunye ne-offset kwaye zinike iimpawu zoshicilelo eziphuculweyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo kune-flexo esekwe emanzini.”
UNiewiadomska wongeze ngelithi njengoko iindleko zamandla zisanda kwaye iimfuno zozinzo ziqhubeka nokuba yinto ephambili, ukwamkelwa kwe-UV LED enyangekayo kunye nee-inki ezikhanyiswa kabini kuyakhula,
“Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, sibona umdla okhulayo kungekuphela nje kwiiprinta zewebhu ezincinci kodwa nakwiiprinta ze-flexo ezibanzi neziphakathi ezifuna ukonga imali kumandla nokunciphisa impembelelo yazo yekhabhoni,” uqhube watsho uNiewiadomska.
“Siyaqhubeka nokubona umdla wemarike kwii-inki zokulungisa amandla kunye neengubo kuzo zonke iintlobo zezicelo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa phantsi kwazo,” utshilo uBret Lessard, umphathi wemveliso kwiINX International Ink Co., ingxelo. “Isantya esikhawulezayo semveliso kunye nempembelelo enciphileyo kwindalo esingqongileyo ebangelwa zezi inki zihambelana kakhulu nokugxila kwabathengi bethu.”
UFabian Köhn, intloko yehlabathi yolawulo lwemveliso yewebhu enqamlezileyo kwiI-Siegwerk, uthe nangona ukuthengiswa kwee-inki zokulungisa amandla eMelika naseYurophu kusima ngoku, iSiegwerk ibona imakethi eguqukayo kakhulu enecandelo le-UV elikhulayo eAsia.
“Oomatshini bokushicilela abatsha be-flexo ngoku baxhotyiswe kakhulu zizibane ze-LED, kwaye kumatshini wokuprinta we-offset abathengi abaninzi sele betyala imali kwi-UV okanye kwi-LED ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle xa kuthelekiswa noomatshini bokuprinta be-offset abaqhelekileyo,” utshilo uKöhn.
Ukunyuka kwe-UV LED
Kukho iiteknoloji ezintathu eziphambili phantsi kwesambrela esinokunyangeka ngamandla. I-UV kunye ne-UV LED zezona zinkulu, kwaye i-EB incinci kakhulu. Ukhuphiswano olunomdla luphakathi kwe-UV kunye ne-UV LED, entsha kwaye ikhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.
“Kukho ukuzibophelela okukhulayo kwabashicileli bokufaka i-UV LED kwizixhobo ezintsha nezilungisiweyo,” utshilo uJonathan Graunke, isekela-sekela lobuchwepheshe be-UV/EB kunye nomlawuli oncedisayo we-R&D kwi-INX International Ink Co. “Ukusetyenziswa kwe-end-of-press UV kusasetyenziswa kakhulu ukulinganisela iindleko/iziphumo zokusebenza, ingakumbi ngeengubo.”
UKöhn ubonise ukuba njengakwiminyaka edlulileyo, i-UV LED ikhula ngokukhawuleza kune-UV yesiqhelo, ingakumbi eYurophu, apho iindleko eziphezulu zamandla zisebenza njengesizathu sobuchwepheshe be-LED.
“Apha, abashicileli batyala imali kakhulu kubuchwepheshe be-LED ukuze bathathe indawo yezibane ze-UV ezindala okanye oomatshini bokuprinta bonke,” wongeze watsho uKöhn. “Nangona kunjalo, sikwabona ukuqhubeka kokuqina kokulungiswa kwe-LED kwiimarike ezifana neIndiya, uMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia kunye neLatin America, ngelixa iTshayina ne-US sele zibonisa ukungena okuphezulu kwe-LED kwimarike.”
UHinataya uthe ukuprintwa kwe-UV LED kukhule ngakumbi. “Izizathu zoku kucingelwa ukuba kukunyuka kwexabiso lombane kunye nokutshintsha kwezibane ze-mercury ukuya kwizibane ze-LED,” wongeze watsho uHinataya.
UJonathan Harkins weQela loLawulo lweeMveliso likaZeller+Gmelin uxele ukuba iteknoloji ye-UV LED idlula ukukhula konyango lwe-UV oluqhelekileyo kwishishini lokushicilela.
“Olu kukhula luqhutywa ziingenelo ze-UV LED, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ixesha elide lokuphila kwee-LED, ukuncipha kokuphuma kobushushu, kunye nokukwazi ukunyanga uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo ngaphandle kokonakalisa izinto ezibuthathaka kubushushu,” wongeze watsho uHarkins.
“Ezi zibonelelo zihambelana nokugxila okukhulayo koshishino ekuzinzeni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle,” utshilo uHarkins. “Ngenxa yoko, abashicileli batyala imali ngakumbi kwizixhobo ezibandakanya itekhnoloji yokulungisa i-LED. Olu tshintsho lubonakala ekusetyenzisweni ngokukhawuleza kweenkqubo ze-UV LED kwiimarike ezininzi zokuprinta zeZeller+Gmelin, kubandakanya itekhnoloji ye-flexographic, dry offset, kunye ne-litho-printing. Le ndlela ibonisa intshukumo ebanzi kushishino oluya kwizisombululo zokuprinta ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo nezingabizi kakhulu, kunye netekhnoloji ye-UV LED ephambili.”
UHemmings uthe i-UV LED iyaqhubeka nokukhula kakhulu njengoko imakethi itshintsha ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno ezingakumbi zozinzo.
“Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, iindleko eziphantsi zokulungisa, ukukwazi ukusebenzisa izinto ezikhaphukhaphu, kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisa izinto ezibuthathaka kubushushu zonke zezona zinto ziphambili ekusetyenzisweni kwe-inki ye-UV LED,” utshilo uHemmings. “Bobabini abaguquli kunye nabanini beempawu bacela izisombululo ze-UV LED ezingaphezulu, kwaye uninzi lwabavelisi beendaba ngoku bavelisa ii-press ezinokuguqulelwa lula kwi-UV LED ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno.”
UNiewiadomska uthe ukunyanga kwe-UV LED kukhule kakhulu kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukunyuka kweendleko zamandla, imfuno yokunciphisa i-carbon footprints, kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma.
“Ukongeza, sibona uluhlu olubanzi ngakumbi lwezibane ze-UV LED ezithengiswayo, zibonelela abashicileli kunye nabaguquli ngoluhlu olubanzi lweendlela zokukhetha izibane,” utshilo uNiewiadomska. “Abaguquli bewebhu eNcinci kwihlabathi liphela babona ukuba i-UV LED yitekhnoloji eqinisekisiweyo nesebenzayo kwaye bayaqonda iingenelo ezipheleleyo eziziswa yi-UV LED - iindleko eziphantsi zokuprinta, inkunkuma encinci, ukuveliswa kwe-ozone, ukusetyenziswa kwezibane ze-Hg, kunye nemveliso ephezulu. Okubalulekileyo kukuba, uninzi lwabaguquli bewebhu abanciphileyo abatyala imali kwiimashini ezintsha ze-UV flexo banokuhamba ne-UV LED okanye kwinkqubo yezibane enokuphuculwa ngokukhawuleza nangokunoqoqosho kwi-UV LED njengoko kufuneka.”
Ii-Inks eziPhilisa kabini
Kuye kwakho umdla okhulayo kwiteknoloji ye-UV enokulungiswa kabini okanye exutyiweyo, ii-inki ezinokunyangwa kusetyenziswa ukukhanya kwe-LED yesiqhelo okanye ye-UV.
“Kuyaziwa kakhulu,” utshilo uGraunke, “ukuba uninzi lwee-inki eziphilisa nge-LED ziyaphilisa nange-UV kunye neenkqubo zohlobo lwe-UV (H-UV) ezongeziweyo.”
UKöhn kaSiegwerk uthe ngokubanzi, ii-inki ezinokunyangwa ngezibane ze-LED zinokunyangwa ngezibane ze-arc ze-Hg eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zee-inki ze-LED ziphezulu kakhulu kuneendleko zee-inki ze-UV.
“Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kusekho ii-inki ze-UV ezinikezelweyo kwimarike,” wongezelela uKöhn. “Ke ngoko, ukuba ufuna ukubonelela ngenkqubo yokwenyani yonyango oluphindwe kabini, kufuneka ukhethe indlela elungelelanisa iindleko kunye nokusebenza.
“Inkampani yethu sele iqalile ukubonelela nge-inki ekhazimlayo kabini kwiminyaka emithandathu ukuya kwesixhenxe ngaphambili phantsi kwegama elithi 'UV CORE',” utshilo uHinataya. “Ukukhethwa kwe-photoinitiator kubalulekile kwi-inki ekhazimlayo kabini. Singakhetha izinto eziluhlaza ezifanelekileyo size senze i-inki efanelekileyo kwimarike.”
U-Erik Jacob weQela loLawulo lweeMveliso likaZeller+Gmelin uqaphele ukuba kukho umdla okhulayo kwii-inki ezi-dual-cure. Lo mdla uvela kukuguquguquka kunye nokuguquguquka okunikezelwa zezi inki kubashicileli.
“Iinki ezisebenzisa izixhobo ezimbini zenza ukuba iiprinta zikwazi ukusebenzisa iingenelo zokulungisa i-LED, njengokusebenzisa amandla kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ubushushu, ngelixa zigcina ukuhambelana neenkqubo zemveli zokuphilisa i-UV,” utshilo uJacob. “Olu kuhambelana luthandeka kakhulu kwiiprinta ezitshintshela kubuchwepheshe be-LED kancinci kancinci okanye abo basebenzisa izixhobo ezindala nezintsha.”
UJacob wongeze ngelithi ngenxa yoko, iZeller+Gmelin kunye nezinye iinkampani zeinki baphuhlisa iiinki ezinokuthi zisebenze phantsi kweendlela zombini zokunyanga ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni umgangatho okanye ukuqina, nto leyo ehambelana neemfuno zemarike zezisombululo zokuprinta eziguquguqukayo nezizinzileyo.
“Le ndlela ibonakalisa imizamo eqhubekayo yoshishino yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha nokubonelela abashicileli ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo nezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo,” utshilo uJacob.
“Ii-converter ezitshintshela kwi-LED curing zifuna ii-inki ezinokunyangwa ngokwesiko nange-LED, kodwa oku akuyongxaki yobuchwephesha, njengoko, kumava ethu, zonke ii-inki ze-LED zinyangeka kakuhle phantsi kwezibane ze-mercury,” utshilo uHemmings. “Olu phawu luqhelekileyo lwee-inki ze-LED luvumela abathengi ukuba batshintshele kwi-inki ze-UV zemveli baye kwi-LED ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.”
UNiewiadomska uthe iFlint Group inomdla oqhubekayo kwiteknoloji yokulungisa izinto ezimbini.
“Inkqubo yeDual Cure ivumela abaguquli ukuba basebenzise i-inki efanayo kwi-UV LED yabo kunye ne-UV curing press eqhelekileyo, nto leyo enciphisa uluhlu lwezinto kunye nobunzima,” wongeze watsho uNiewiadomska. “IFlint Group iphambili kwiteknoloji ye-UV LED curing, kuquka neteknoloji ye-dual cure. Le nkampani ibiyingcali kwi-UV LED kunye ne-Dual Cure inks ezisebenza kakuhle kangangeminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, kudala ngaphambi kokuba le teknoloji iyenze ifikeleleke kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengoko injalo namhlanje.”
Ukususa i-inki kunye nokuRisayikilisha
Ngenxa yokukhula komdla wozinzo, abavelisi beinki kuye kwafuneka bajongane neenkxalabo malunga neeinki ze-UV kunye ne-EB ngokubhekiselele ekususeni i-inki kunye nokurisayikilisha.
“Zikhona ezinye kodwa uninzi lwazo zincinci kakhulu,” utshilo uGraunke. “Siyazi ukuba iimveliso ze-UV/EB zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zokurisayikilisha izinto.
“Umzekelo, i-INX ifumene amanqaku angama-99/100 nge-INGEDE ngokususa i-inki ephepheni,” utshilo uGraunke. “IRadtech Europe yayalela uphando lwe-FOGRA oluye lwafumanisa ukuba ii-inki ze-UV offset azinakusulwa ephepheni. I-substrate idlala indima enkulu kwiimpawu zokuphinda kusetyenziswe iphepha, ngoko ke kufuneka kuthathwe ingqalelo ekwenzeni amabango okuqinisekisa ukuba iphepha liza kusetyenziswa kwakhona.
“I-INX inezisombululo zokuphinda kusetyenziswe iiplastiki apho ii-inki zenzelwe ukuba zihlale ngabom kwi-substrate,” wongeze watsho uGraunke. “Ngale ndlela, into eprintiweyo inokwahlulwa kwiplastiki yomzimba oyintloko ngexesha lenkqubo yokuphinda kusetyenziswe ngaphandle kokungcolisa isisombululo sokuhlamba esibangela ukungcola. Sikwanazo nezisombululo ezingenakunyakaziswa ezivumela iplastiki eprintiweyo ukuba ibe yinxalenye yomjelo wokuphinda kusetyenziswe ngokususa i-inki. Oku kuqhelekile kwiifilimu ezincitshisiweyo zokubuyisela iiplastiki zePET.”
UKöhn uqaphele ukuba malunga nokusetyenziswa kweplastiki, kukho inkxalabo, ingakumbi evela kubantu abaphinda basebenzise izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, malunga nokungcoliswa kwamanzi okuhlamba kunye nalawo aphinda asetyenziswe.
“Eli shishini sele liqalise iiprojekthi ezininzi zokubonisa ukuba ukucinywa kwee-inki ze-UV kunokulawulwa kakuhle kwaye ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona kunye namanzi okuhlamba angcoliswanga ziinxalenye ze-inki,” utshilo uKöhn.
“Ngokuphathelele amanzi okuhlamba, ukusetyenziswa kwee-inki ze-UV kuneengenelo ezithile kunezinye iiteknoloji ze-inki,” wongeze watsho uKöhn. “Umzekelo, ifilimu ecociweyo iphuma kwiisuntswana ezinkulu, ezinokuhluzwa ngokulula emanzini okuhlamba.
UKöhn ubonise ukuba xa kufikwa ekusetyenzisweni kwephepha, ukususa i-inki kunye nokurisayikilisha sele kuyinkqubo esele imiselwe.
“Sele kukho iinkqubo ze-UV offset eziqinisekiswe yi-INGEDE njengezingasuswa lula ephepheni, ukuze abaprinti baqhubeke nokuxhamla kwiingenelo zobuchwepheshe be-inki ye-UV ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni ukuphinde kusetyenziswe,” utshilo uKöhn.
UHinataya uxele ukuba uphuhliso luyaqhubeka ngokubhekiselele ekususweni kwe-inki kunye nokuphinde kusetyenziswe izinto eziprintiweyo.
“Kwiphepha, ukusasazwa kweinki ehlangabezana nemigangatho yokususa i-INGEDE kuyanda, kwaye ukususa i-inki kuye kwenzeka ngokwetekhnoloji, kodwa umngeni kukwakha iziseko zophuhliso ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezixhobo,” wongeze watsho uHinataya.
“Ezinye ii-inki ezinyangekayo zisusa i-inki kakuhle, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ukusebenziseka kwakhona,” utshilo uHemmings. “Ukusetyenziswa kokugqibela kunye nohlobo lwe-substrate zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekumiseleni ukusebenza kokurisayikilisha. Ii-inki ezinyangekayo ze-Sun Chemical's SolarWave CRCL UV-LED ziyahlangabezana neemfuno ze-Association of Plastic Recyclers (APR) zokukwazi ukuhlanjwa nokugcinwa kwaye azidingi kusetyenziswe ii-primer.”
UNiewiadomska uqaphele ukuba iFlint Group iqalise uluhlu lwayo lwe-Evolution lwee-primers kunye nee-varnishes ukujongana nesidingo soqoqosho olujikelezayo ekupakisheni.
“I-Evolution Deinking Primer ivumela ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwezinto ezikwimikhono ngexesha lokuhlamba, iqinisekisa ukuba iileyibhile zemikhono ezinciphileyo zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nebhotile, nto leyo enyusa isivuno sezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwaye inciphisa ixesha kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nenkqubo yokususa iileyibhile,” utshilo uNiewiadomska.
“I-Evolution Varnish isetyenziswa kwiilebheli emva kokuba imibala ishicilelwe, ikhusela i-inki ngokuthintela ukopha nokuqhekeka ngelixa iseshelufini, ize iqhubeke nokurisayikilisha,” wongeze watsho. “I-varnish iqinisekisa ukwahlulwa okucocekileyo kwelebheli kwipakeji yayo, nto leyo evumela ukuba i-substrate yokupakisha iphinda isetyenziswe ibe zizinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu nezinexabiso eliphezulu. I-varnish ayichaphazeli umbala we-inki, umgangatho womfanekiso okanye ukufundeka kwekhowudi.
“Uluhlu lwe-Evolution lujongana ngqo nemingeni yokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezintsha, kwaye, ludlala indima ekuqinisekiseni ikamva eliqinileyo kwicandelo lokupakisha,” uqukumbele watsho uNiewiadomska. “I-Evolution Varnish kunye ne-Deinking Primer zenza ukuba nayiphi na imveliso ezisetyenziswa kuyo ihambe kakhulu kwikhonkco lokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezintsha.”
UHarkins waphawula ukuba nokuba kukho ukudibana okungathanga ngqo, kukho inkxalabo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwee-inki ze-UV kunye nokupakishwa kokutya neziselo kunye nempembelelo yazo kwiinkqubo zokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto. Ingxaki ephambili ijikeleze ukufuduka okunokwenzeka kwee-photoinitiators kunye nezinye izinto ezivela kwii-inki ziye ekutyeni okanye kwiziselo, ezinokubangela umngcipheko kwimpilo.
“Ukususa i-ink kube yinto ephambili kubashicileli abagxile kwindalo esingqongileyo,” wongeze watsho uHarkins. “I-Zeller+Gmelin iphuhlise ubuchwepheshe obutsha obuza kuvumela i-inki ecinyiweyo ukuba inyuke kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwakhona, ivumela ukuba iplastiki ecocekileyo iphinde isetyenziswe kwiimveliso zabathengi. Le teknoloji ibizwa ngokuba yi-EarthPrint.”
UHarkins uthe malunga nokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezintsha, umceli mngeni ukwindlela ezihambelana ngayo ii-inki neenkqubo zokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezintsha, njengoko ezinye ii-inki ze-UV zinokuthintela ukuphinde kusetyenziswe izinto ezintsha zephepha nezeplastiki ngokuchaphazela umgangatho wezinto eziphinda zisetyenziswe.
“Ukuze kujongwane nezi ngxaki, iZeller+Gmelin ibigxile ekuphuhliseni ii-inki ezineempawu zokufuduka eziphantsi eziphucula ukuhambelana neenkqubo zokusebenzisa kwakhona, kunye nokuthobela imithetho ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabathengi kunye nokuzinza kokusingqongileyo,” utshilo uHarkins.
Ixesha leposi: Juni-27-2024
