Iiprojekthi ezintsha kwishishini leoyile negesi laseRashiya, kuquka ne-Arctic shelf, zithembisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwimarike yasekhaya yezambatho ezichasene nokubola.
Ubhubhane we-COVID-19 uzise impembelelo enkulu, kodwa yexeshana elifutshane kwimarike yehlabathi yeehydrocarbons. Ngo-Epreli ka-2020, imfuno yeoyile yehlabathi ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphantsi ukusukela ngo-1995, ithoba ixabiso elimiselweyo le-Brent crude ukuya kwi-$28 ngebharele emva kokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwezibonelelo zeoyile ezigqithisileyo.
Ngaxa lithile, ixabiso leoyile laseMelika liye lajika laba libi okokuqala kwimbali. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziganeko ziphawulekayo azibonakali ngathi ziya kuyimisa imisebenzi yeshishini leoyile negesi laseRashiya, kuba imfuno yehlabathi yeehydrocarbons kulindeleke ukuba ibuyele umva ngokukhawuleza.
Umzekelo, i-IEA ilindele ukuba imfuno yeoyile ibuyele kwinqanaba langaphambi kwengxaki ngokukhawuleza ngo-2022. Ukukhula kwemfuno yegesi - nangona inciphiswe kakhulu ngo-2020 - kufuneka kubuye kwixesha elide, ngandlela ithile, ngenxa yokukhawulezisa ukutshintshela igesi ukusuka kumalahle ukuya kumalahle kwihlabathi liphela ukuze kuveliswe umbane.
Iinkampani ezinkulu zaseRashiya iLukoil, iNovatek kunye neRosneft, kunye nezinye zinezicwangciso zokuqalisa iiprojekthi ezintsha kwicandelo lokutsalwa kweoyile negesi emhlabeni nakwishelufu yeArctic. Urhulumente waseRashiya ubona ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweendawo zakhe zokugcina ioyile kwiArctic nge-LNG njengeyona nto iphambili kwiSicwangciso sakhe saMandla ukuya kutsho ku-2035.
Kule meko, imfuno yaseRashiya yezinto zokugquma ezilwa nokubola nayo inezibikezelo ezicacileyo. Intengiso iyonke kweli candelo ifikelele kwi-Rub18.5 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2018 (i-$250 yezigidi), ngokutsho kophando olwenziwe yi-think-tank Discovery Research Group eseMoscow. Izinto zokugquma ezixabisa i-Rub7.1 yeebhiliyoni (i-$90 yezigidi) zingeniswe eRashiya, nangona ukungeniswa kweli candelo kudla ngokuncipha, ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi.
Enye iarhente yokubonisana eseMoscow, iConcept-Center, iqikelele ukuba intengiso kwimarike yayiphakathi kweetoni ezingama-25,000 kunye nama-30,000 ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Umzekelo, ngo-2016, imakethi yesicelo sokugquma eRashiya yayiqikelelwa kwi-Rub 2.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola (i-$42 yezigidi). Kukholeleka ukuba imakethi ikhula ngokuqhubekayo kwiminyaka edlulileyo ngesantya esiphakathi kweepesenti ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu ngonyaka.
Abathathi-nxaxheba kwimarike bavakalisa ukuzithemba, imfuno yeengubo kweli candelo iya kunyuka kwiminyaka ezayo, nangona impembelelo yobhubhane we-COVID-19 ingekapheli.
“Ngokwezibikezelo zethu, imfuno iya kunyuka kancinci [kwiminyaka ezayo]. Ishishini leoyile negesi lifuna iintlobo zokugquma ezichasene nokugqwala, ezimelana nobushushu, ezithintela umlilo kunye nezinye iintlobo zokugquma ukuze kuphunyezwe iiprojekthi ezintsha. Kwangaxeshanye, imfuno itshintshela kwiingubo ezinemisebenzi emininzi. Kakade ke, umntu akanakuyityeshela imiphumo yobhubhane we-coronavirus, engekapheli,” utshilo uMaxim Dubrovsky, umlawuli jikelele wemveliso yeengubo zaseRashiya u-Akrus. “Ngaphantsi kwengqikelelo engathandekiyo, ukwakhiwa [kwishishini leoyile negesi] kusenokungahambi ngokukhawuleza njengoko bekucwangcisiwe ngaphambili.
Urhulumente uthatha amanyathelo okukhuthaza utyalo-mali nokufikelela kwisantya esicwangcisiweyo sokwakha.
Ukhuphiswano olungenaxabiso
Kukho ubuncinane abadlali abangama-30 kwimarike ye-anti-corrosive coatings yaseRashiya, ngokutsho kwe-Industrial Coatings. Abadlali abaphambili bamanye amazwe yiHempel, Jotun, International Protective Coatings, Steelpaint, PPG Industries, Permatex, Teknos, phakathi kwabanye.
Abathengisi abakhulu baseRashiya yiAkrus, iVMP, iRussian Paints, iEmpils, iMoscow Chemical Plant, iZM Volga kunye neRaduga.
Kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo, ezinye iinkampani ezingezizo ezaseRashiya, kuquka iJotun, iHempel kunye nePPG ziye zavelisa imveliso yeengubo ezichasene nokubola eRashiya. Kukho isizathu esicacileyo sezoqoqosho emva kwesi sigqibo. Ixesha lokubuyisela imali yokuqalisa iingubo ezintsha ezichasene nokubola kwimarike yaseRashiya liphakathi kweminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu, kuqikelelwa ukuba u-Azamat Gareev, intloko ye-ZIT Rossilber.
Ngokutsho kwe-Industrial Coatings, eli candelo lemarike ye-coatings yaseRashiya lingachazwa njenge-oligopsony – uhlobo lwemarike apho inani labathengi lincinci. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inani labathengisi likhulu. Wonke umthengi waseRashiya uneseti yakhe yangaphakathi engqongqo, ababoneleli kufuneka bayithobele. Umahluko phakathi kweemfuno zabathengi unokuba mkhulu kakhulu.
Ngenxa yoko, eli lelinye lamacandelo ambalwa oshishino lwezogquma zaseRashiya, apho ixabiso lingekho phakathi kwezinto eziphambili ezimisela imfuno.
Umzekelo, iRosneft igunyazise iintlobo ezingama-224 zeengubo ezichasene nokubola, ngokwerejista yaseRashiya yababoneleli beengubo zoshishino lweoyile negesi. Ukuthelekisa, iGazprom igunyazise iingubo ezingama-55 kwaye iTransneft ivumile ezingama-34 kuphela.
Kwezinye iindawo, isabelo sokungeniswa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe siphezulu kakhulu. Umzekelo, iinkampani zaseRashiya zingenisa phantse ama-80 ekhulwini eengubo zokugquma iiprojekthi zasemaphandleni.
Ukhuphiswano kwimarike yaseRashiya lwezinto zokugquma ezilwa nokubola lunamandla kakhulu, utshilo uDmitry Smirnov, umlawuli jikelele weMoscow Chemical Plant. Oku kutyhala inkampani ukuba ihambelane neemfuno kwaye iqalise ukuveliswa kwemigca emitsha yokugquma rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa. Le nkampani ikwaqhuba amaziko eenkonzo, ilawula ukusetyenziswa kokugquma, wongeze watsho.
“Iinkampani zepeyinti zaseRashiya zinamandla aneleyo okwandisa imveliso, nto leyo enokunciphisa ukungeniswa kwemveliso kwamanye amazwe. Uninzi lwepeyinti zeenkampani zeoyile negesi, kuquka nezo zeprojekthi zaselwandle, ziveliswa kwizityalo zaseRashiya. Kule mihla, ukuphucula imeko yezoqoqosho, kuwo onke amazwe, kubalulekile ukwandisa imveliso yeempahla zemveliso yawo,” utshilo uDubrobsky.
I-Industrial Coatings ibike ukuba ukunqongophala kwezinto zokwenza izinto zokugquma kuphakathi kwezinto ezithintela iinkampani zaseRashiya ekwandiseni isabelo sazo kwimarike. Umzekelo, kukho ukunqongophala kwee-isocyanates ze-aliphatic, ii-epoxy resins, uthuli lwe-zinc kunye nezinye ii-pigment.
“Ishishini leekhemikhali lixhomekeke kakhulu kwizinto eziluhlaza ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwaye livakalelwa kakhulu ngamaxabiso azo. Ngenxa yophuhliso lweemveliso ezintsha eRashiya kunye nokutshintshwa kwezinto ezivela kwamanye amazwe, kukho iindlela ezintle zokubonelela ngezinto eziluhlaza kushishino lweengubo,” utshilo uDubrobsky.
"Kuyimfuneko ukwandisa amandla ukuze sikwazi ukukhuphisana, umzekelo, nabathengisi baseAsia. Iifillers, iipigment, iiresins, ngakumbi i-alkyd kunye ne-epoxy, ngoku zinoku-odolwa kubavelisi baseRashiya. Imarike yee-hardeners ze-isocyanate kunye nezongezo ezisebenzayo ibonelelwa ikakhulu zizinto ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuphuhlisa imveliso yethu yezi zinto kufuneka kuxoxwe ngazo kwinqanaba likarhulumente."
Iingubo zeeprojekthi zaselwandle zibalulekile
Iprojekthi yokuqala yaseRashiya elunxwemeni yayiyiPrirazlomnaya elunxwemeni evelisa ioyile engangeni manzi kwiLwandle iPechora, emazantsi eNovaya Zemlya. IGazprom ikhethe iChartek 7 kwi-International Paint Ltd. Kuthiwa le nkampani ithengile ii-350,000 kg zeengubo zokukhusela iqonga ekungangeni manzi.
Enye inkampani yeoyile yaseRashiya iLukoil ibisoloko isebenza kwiqonga leKorchagin ukususela ngo-2010 kunye neqonga lePhilanovskoe ukususela ngo-2018, zombini zikwiCaspian Sea.
IJotun ibonelele ngeengubo ezilwa nokubola kwiprojekthi yokuqala kunye neHempel kweyesibini. Kule candelo, iimfuno zeengubo zingqongqo kakhulu, kuba ukubuyiselwa kwegqwetha leengubo phantsi kwamanzi akunakwenzeka.
Imfuno yeengubo ezichasene nokubola kwicandelo eliselunxwemeni inxulumene nekamva leshishini leoyile negesi lehlabathi. IRashiya inazo malunga nama-80 ekhulwini zezixhobo zeoyile negesi ezifihliweyo phantsi kweshelufu yeArctic kunye nobuninzi beendawo ezihlolisisiweyo.
Ukuthelekisa, i-US igcina kuphela i-10% yemithombo egciniweyo, ilandelwa yiKhanada, iDenmark, iGreenland kunye neNorway, ezahlulahlula i-10% eseleyo phakathi kwazo. Imithombo yeoyile ehlolisisiweyo eRashiya efumaneka elunxwemeni ifikelela kwiitoni eziziibhiliyoni ezintlanu ze-oyile elingana nayo. INorway ikwindawo yesibini ekude kakhulu ngeetoni eziziibhiliyoni zeetoni zemithombo eqinisekisiweyo.
“Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo – kwezoqoqosho nakwezokusingqongileyo – ezo zixhobo zisenokungafunyanwa,” utshilo uAnna Kireeva, umhlalutyi wenhlangano ekhusela indalo iBellona. “Ngokwezibalo ezininzi, imfuno yehlabathi yeoyile inokuncipha kwiminyaka emine ukususela ngoku, ngo-2023. Iimali ezinkulu zotyalo-mali zikarhulumente ezakhelwe kwioyile nazo ziyarhoxa kutyalo-mali kwicandelo leoyile – inyathelo elinokubangela utshintsho olukhulu kwimali yehlabathi kwiifosili njengoko oorhulumente kunye nabatyali-mali bamaziko begalela imali kumandla avuselelekayo.”
Kwangaxeshanye, ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yendalo kulindeleke ukuba kukhule kwiminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-30 ezayo – kwaye igesi yenza inxalenye enkulu yezixhobo zaseRashiya kungekuphela nje kwi-Arctic shelf kodwa nasemhlabeni. UMongameli uVladimir Putin uthe ujonge ukwenza iRashiya ibe ngumthengisi omkhulu wegesi yendalo kwihlabathi – into engalindelekanga xa kujongwa ukhuphiswano lweMoscow oluvela kuMbindi Mpuma, wongeze watsho uKireeva.
Nangona kunjalo, iinkampani zeoyile zaseRashiya zithi iprojekthi yeshelufu isenokuba likamva leshishini leoyile negesi laseRashiya.
Enye yezona ndawo ziphambili zeRosneft kukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ze-hydrocarbon kwishelufu yelizwekazi, itsho inkampani.
Namhlanje, xa phantse zonke iindawo ezinkulu zeoyile negesi ezikunxweme zifunyanwa kwaye ziphuhliswa, kwaye xa ubuchwepheshe kunye nemveliso yeoyile yeshale ikhula ngokukhawuleza, inyani yokuba ikamva lemveliso yeoyile yehlabathi likwishelufu yelizwekazi yoLwandlekazi lweHlabathi ayinakuphikiswa, utshilo uRosneft kwingxelo kwiwebhusayithi yakhe. Ishelufu yaseRashiya ineyona ndawo inkulu kwihlabathi: Ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezintandathu zeekhilomitha kwaye iRosneft yeyona ineelayisenisi ezininzi zeshelufu yelizwekazi laseRashiya, yongeza inkampani.
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-17-2024
