Isishwankathelo seMarike yePolymer Resin yeHlabathi

Ubungakanani beMarike yePolymer Resin buxabisa i-USD 157.6 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2023. Ishishini lePolymer Resin kulindeleke ukuba likhule ukusuka kwi-USD 163.6 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2024 ukuya kwi-USD 278.7 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2032, nto leyo ebonisa izinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiweyo (CAGR) le-6.9% ngexesha lexesha eliqikelelweyo (2024 - 2032). Ixabiso elilinganayo lee-resins zezityalo ezifumaneka ngokwemvelo yi-polymer resin efana ne-plant resin, i-polymer resin ikwaqala njengolwelo olunamathelayo noluqinileyo oluhlala luqinile emva kokuba luvezwe emoyeni ixesha elithile elimiselweyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, ii-polymers ze-thermosetting kunye nezinye ii-organic compounds ziyasefwa ukuze zenziwe. Amafutha e-hydrocarbon aquka igesi yendalo, ioyile eluhlaza, amalahle, ityuwa, kunye nesanti asetyenziswa njengeziseko zokwakha i-polymer resin. Abavelisi bezinto eziluhlaza abaguqula izinto eziphakathi zibe zii-polymers kunye nee-resin kunye nabaprosesa abaguqula ezi zinto zibe ziimpahla ezigqityiweyo benza amacandelo amabini aphambili kushishino lwe-polymer resin. Ababoneleli bezinto ezikrwada basebenzisa i-resin intermediate okanye i-monomer enenye yeenkqubo ze-polymerization ukuvelisa ii-polymers ezikrwada. Izinto ze-polymer ezikrwada zihlala ziveliswa kwaye zithengiswa ngendlela yolwelo kwiiglue, ii-sealants, kunye nee-resins, nangona zinokuthengwa ngobuninzi njengee-pellets, ii-powders, ii-granules, okanye amaphepha. Umthombo ophambili we-polymer precursors yioyile, okanye i-petroleum eluhlaza. Ii-processors zihlala zisebenzisa iindlela zokuqhekeka ukuguqula ii-hydrocarbons ze-petroleum zibe zii-alkenes ezinokwakheka kwe-polymer ezifana ne-ethylene, i-propylene, kunye ne-butylene.

Iindlela zeMarike yePolymer Resin

IiResins zePolymer ezisekelwe kwiBio zifumana ukutsala njengezisombululo zokupakishwa ezizinzileyo

Ii-resin ze-polymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio ziye zavela njengesisombululo esibalulekileyo sokujongana neenkxalabo ezikhulayo malunga nokuzinza kwendalo kunye nemiphumo emibi yokupakisha kweplastiki yendabuko. Ngokukhula kolwazi ngongcoliseko lweplastiki kunye nemiphumo yalo emibi kwiinkqubo zendalo, abathengi, amashishini, kunye noorhulumente baya besamkela ii-resin ze-polymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio njengendlela ezinzileyo yokusetyenziswa kokupakisha. Olu hlobo luqhutywa zizinto ezibalulekileyo ezibonisa iingenelo kunye namathuba ee-resin ze-polymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio ekuguquleni ishishini lokupakisha ukuya kwikamva elizinzileyo. Iiplastiki eziqhelekileyo ezisekelwe kwi-petroleum bezisoloko zilukhetho oluphambili lokupakisha ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo kakuhle kweendleko, ukuguquguquka kwazo, kunye nokuqina kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, ukungaboli kwazo kunye nokuqina kwazo kwindalo kukhokelela ekuqokeleleni okukhulu kwenkunkuma yeplastiki, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko omkhulu kubomi baselwandle, izilwanyana zasendle, kunye nempilo yabantu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-resin ze-polymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio zifumaneka kwimithombo evuselelekayo efana nezityalo, i-algae, okanye i-biomass yenkunkuma, enika indlela yokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha e-fossil kunye nokunciphisa umbane wekhabhoni ohambelana nemveliso yeplastiki.

Enye yezona nzuzo zibalulekileyo zee-polymer resins ezisekelwe kwi-bio-based kukuba ziyabola kwaye ziyakwazi ukuhlanganiswa. Iiplastiki zemveli zingathatha amakhulu eminyaka ukubola, ngelixa ezinye iindlela ezisekelwe kwi-bio-based zinokuqhekeka ngokwendalo zibe ziinxalenye ezingenabungozi kwixesha elifutshane. Olu phawu luqinisekisa ukuba i-bio-basedizixhobo zokupakishaazihlali kwindawo engqongileyo, nto leyo enciphisa umngcipheko wongcoliseko kunye nomonakalo kwiindawo eziphilayo. Ukongeza, ii-polymer resins ezisekelwe kwi-bio-based compost zinokutyebisa umhlaba njengoko zibola, nto leyo enegalelo kwindlela ejikelezayo nevuselelayo yokupakisha inkunkuma. Ngaphezu koko, ukuveliswa kwee-polymer resins ezisekelwe kwi-bio-based ngokubanzi kubandakanya ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezitshisayo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ezisekelwe kwi-petroleum. Ngenxa yoko, amashishini kunye namashishini afuna ukunciphisa umngcipheko wekhabhoni ajika aye kwezinye iindlela ezisekelwe kwi-bio njengendlela efanelekileyo yokufezekisa iinjongo zawo zokuzinza. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye ii-polymers ezisekelwe kwi-bio-based zinokuthatha ikhabhoni ngexesha lokukhula kwazo, zizenze zibe zizinto ezingenayo ikhabhoni kwaye zinegalelo ekunciphiseni utshintsho lwemozulu.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso luye lwaphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kweeresini zepolymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio. Abavelisi ngoku bayakwazi ukulungisa iimpawu zezi zinto ukuze zihambelane neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokupakisha, ezinje ngokuguquguquka, iimpawu zokuthintela, kunye namandla. Ngenxa yoko, iiresini zepolymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio ziya zifumana usetyenziso kumashishini amaninzi, kubandakanya ukutya neziselo, izinto zokuthambisa, amayeza, nokunye. Imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente nayo idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeleni phambili ukwamkelwa kweeresini zepolymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio. Amazwe amaninzi kunye nemimandla isebenzise amanyathelo okuthintela okanye ukuthintela iimveliso zeplastiki ezisetyenziswa kanye, ikhuthaza amashishini ukuba ahlole ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo. Ukongeza, oorhulumente banokubonelela ngezibonelelo okanye inkxaso-mali yokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisekelwe kwi-bio, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukukhula kwemarike ngakumbi.

Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho oluya kwii-resin ze-polymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio aluzange lube nemingeni. Nangona kwenziwe inkqubela phambili kuphando nophuhliso, izinto ezisekelwe kwi-bio zisenokujamelana nemida ngokweendleko kunye nokukhula. Iinkqubo zemveliso zezinye ii-resin ezisekelwe kwi-bio zinokufuna izixhobo ezibalulekileyo, ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwazo kakuhle kweendleko xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki zemveli. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ubuchwepheshe buqhubela phambili kwaye imfuno isanda, uqoqosho oluphezulu lunokunciphisa iindleko kwaye lwenze ii-resin ze-polymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio zikhuphisane ngakumbi.

Ukukhula kokutsalwa kwee-resin ze-polymer ezisekelwe kwi-bio njengezisombululo zokupakisha ezizinzileyo kubonisa inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko lweplastiki nokwakha uluntu oluqaphela ngakumbi okusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yokubola kwazo, ukuncipha kwekhabhoni, kunye nokwandisa amandla okusebenza, ezi zinto zibonelela ngenye indlela enomtsalane kuneeplastiki zemveli ezisekelwe kwi-petroleum. Njengoko amashishini, abathengi, kunye noorhulumente bebeka phambili ukuzinza, imakethi ye-polymer resin esekwe kwi-bio ikulungele ukukhula ngakumbi, ikhuthaza uqoqosho olujikelezayo apho inkunkuma yokupakisha incitshiswa khona, kwaye izixhobo zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokwamkela izixhobo ezisekelwe kwi-bio, ishishini lokupakisha linokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni iplanethi kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ingcaciso yeCandelo leMarike yePolymer Resin

Imarike yePolymer Resin yiResin Type Insights

Ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwe-resin, ukwahlulwahlulwa kwemarike yePolymer Resin kuquka i-polystyrene, i-polyethylene,i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polypropylene, i-polystyrene enwebekayo, kunye nezinye. Eyona mveliso idumileyo kwimarike ye-polymer resin yi-polyethylene. Ithandwa kakhulu kumashishini aliqela ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, ukuqina kwayo, kunye nokufikeleleka kwayo. Iimveliso ezininzi, ezifana nezinto zokupakisha, iingxowa zeplastiki, izikhongozeli, iipayipi, amathoyizi, kunye nezixhobo zeemoto, zisebenzisa i-polyethylene. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kwenziwa lula kukumelana kwayo okuphezulu kweekhemikhali, ukufunxwa komswakama okuphantsi, kunye nokulula kwemveliso. Ukuphucula ngakumbi ukuguquguquka kwayo kunye nokuthandwa kwayo kwezorhwebo ziintlobo zayo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-polyethylene enoxinano oluphezulu (HDPE) kunye ne-polyethylene enoxinano oluphantsi (LDPE), ezibonelela ngeempawu ezikhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa.

Imarike yePolymer Resin ngokweSicelo seNgqiqo

Ulwahlulo lwemarike yePolymer Resin, olusekelwe kwisicelo, lubandakanya umbane kunye ne-elektroniki, ulwakhiwo, unyango, iimoto, abathengi, amashishini, ukupakisha, kunye nezinye. Ukupakisha sesona sicelo sisetyenziswa rhoqo esinxulumene nemarike ye-polymer resin. Ii-polymer resin, kubandakanya i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, kunye ne-polystyrene, zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zokupakisha. Zilungele ukusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo zokupakisha ngenxa yeempawu zazo eziphezulu, kubandakanya ukuqina, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokumelana nokufuma. Ii-polymer resin zizinto ezikhethwayo zokupakisha kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukupakisha ukutya neziselo, amayeza, iimpahla zabathengi, kunye neempahla zoshishino. Oku kungenxa yokuba zinokugubungela kwaye zigcine izinto ngokufanelekileyo, azibizi kakhulu, kwaye zingasetyenziswa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokupakisha kunye noyilo.

Ingqikelelo yeSithili yeMarike yePolymer Resin

Ngokwemimandla, olu phononongo lubonelela ngolwazi lwemarike eMntla Melika, eYurophu, e-Asia-Pacific, nakwiHlabathi liphela. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, indawo yase-Asia Pacific ibone ukwanda okukhulu kunye nolawulo lwemarike. Likhaya lamaziko abalulekileyo emizi-mveliso afana neTshayina, iIndiya, iJapan, kunye neSouth Korea, apho izinto ezenziwe nge-polymer resin zifunwa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe amakhulu afundwe kwimarike yi-US, iKhanada, iJamani, iFransi, i-UK, i-Itali, iSpain, iTshayina, iJapan, iIndiya, iAustralia, iSouth Korea, kunye neBrazil.

IMarike yePolymer Resin Abadlali abaPhambili kwiMarike kunye neNgqiqo yoKhuphiswano

Abathengisi abaninzi bengingqi nabasekuhlaleni bachaza i-polymer resin, imakethi inokhuphiswano olukhulu, bonke abadlali bekhuphisana ukuze bafumane isabelo esiphezulu semarike. Ukwanda kwemfuno ye-polymer resin kumacandelo okupakisha kunye neoyile negesi kunyusa ukuthengiswa kwe-polymer resin. Abathengisi bakhuphisana ngokusekelwe kwixabiso, umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokufumaneka kweemveliso ngokweendawo. Abathengisi kufuneka banikeze i-polymer resin engabizi kakhulu nesemgangathweni ophezulu ukuze bakhuphisane kwimarike.

Ukukhula kwabadlali bemarike kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemarike kunye nezoqoqosho, imigaqo karhulumente, kunye nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso. Ngoko ke, abadlali kufuneka bagxile ekwandiseni amandla abo emveliso ukuze bahlangabezane neemfuno kunye nokuphucula ipotifoliyo yemveliso yabo. I-Borealis AG, i-BASF SE, i-Evonik Industries AG, i-LyondellBasell Industries NV, i-Shell Plc, i-Solvay, i-Roto Polymers, i-Dow Chemical Company, i-Nan Ya Plastics Corp, i-Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Corporation, i-Celanese Corporation, i-INEOS Group, kunye ne-Exxon Mobil Corporation zezona nkampani ziphambili kwimarike okwangoku ezikhuphisanayo ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho, ixabiso, kunye nokufumaneka. Aba badlali bagxile kakhulu kuphuhliso lwe-polymer resin. Nangona abadlali bamazwe ngamazwe belawula imarike, abadlali bengingqi nabasekhaya abanezabelo ezincinci zemarike nabo banobukho obuphakathi. Abadlali bamazwe ngamazwe abanobukho behlabathi, kunye neeyunithi zokuvelisa ezisele zimiselwe okanye iiofisi zokuthengisa, bomeleze ubukho babo kwiindawo ezinkulu ezifana noMntla Melika, iYurophu, i-Asia-Pacific, iLatin America, kunye neMbindi Mpuma kunye ne-Afrika.

I-Borealis AG: linkokeli ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwe-polyolefin eYurophu kwaye lingomnye wababoneleli abaphambili kwihlabathi liphela bezisombululo ze-polyolefin ezisemgangathweni nezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Le nkampani ilawula iimarike ezisisiseko zeekhemikhali nezichumisi eYurophu. Le nkampani izenzele igama njengeqabane leshishini elithembekileyo kunye nophawu oluvunyiweyo lwehlabathi oluhlala longeza ixabiso kumaqabane ayo, abathengi kunye nabathengi. Le nkampani yintsebenziswano phakathi kwe-OMV, ishishini le-oyile negesi lehlabathi elinekomkhulu e-Austria, eliphethe i-75% yezabelo, kunye ne-Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation (ADNOC), enekomkhulu e-United Arab Emirates (UAE), ene-25% eseleyo. NgeBorealis kunye neenkampani ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ezidibeneyo, iBorouge (ene-ADNOC, ese-UAE) kunye neBaystarTM (eneTotalEnergies, ese-US), ibonelela ngeenkonzo kunye neempahla kubathengi kwihlabathi liphela.

Le nkampani inamaziko eenkonzo zabathengi e-Austria, eBelgium, eFinland, eFrance, eTurkey, e-United States. Iifektri zeMveliso zise-Austria, eBelgium, eBrazil, eFinland, eFrance, eJamani, e-Itali, eMzantsi Korea, eSweden, eNetherlands, e-United States, kwaye amaziko okuvelisa izinto ezintsha ase-Austria, eFinland, naseSweden. Le nkampani isebenza kwiindawo ezili-120 kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eMntla Melika, e-Asia-Pacific, eLatin America, eMbindi Mpuma, nase-Afrika.

I-BASF SE:ngomnye wabavelisi beekhemikhali abaphambili kwihlabathi liphela. Le nkampani yingcali kwimarike ekuqhubeni utshintsho oluya kwi-CO2 engenayo ingqokelela yesicwangciso esibanzi solawulo lwekhabhoni. Ineendlela ezintsha eziqinileyo ezisebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lwetekhnoloji ukubonelela ngezisombululo kumashishini ahlukeneyo abathengi kunye nokunyusa imveliso. Le nkampani isebenza ngamacandelo amathandathu: izixhobo, izisombululo zoshishino, iikhemikhali, ubuchwepheshe bomphezulu, izisombululo zezolimo, kunye nesondlo kunye nokhathalelo. Inikezela ngee-polymer resin kuwo onke amacandelo kubandakanya icandelo lokupakisha kunye neoyile kunye negesi. Le nkampani isebenza ngamacandelo ali-11 alawula iiyunithi zoshishino zehlabathi nezengingqi ezingama-54 kwaye iphuhlisa amaqhinga amashishini angama-72 acwangcisiweyo. I-BASF ibonakalisa ubukho bayo kumazwe angama-80 kwaye isebenza kwiindawo ezintandathu zaseVerbund, ezidibanisa ukusebenza kwezityalo zemveliso, ukuhamba kwamandla, kunye neziseko zophuhliso kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Inamayunithi okuvelisa angama-240 kwihlabathi liphela kuquka iLudwigshafen, eJamani, eyona nkampani inkulu yamakhemikhali edibeneyo ephethwe yinkampani enye. I-BASF isebenza ngokuyintloko eYurophu kwaye inokubakho eMelika, eAsia-Pacific, eMbindi Mpuma naseAfrika. Ikhonza abathengi abamalunga nama-82,000 abavela phantse kuwo onke amacandelo kwihlabathi liphela.

Iinkampani eziphambili kwiMarike yePolymer Resin ziquka.

●I-Borealis AG
●I-BASF SE
●Evonik Industries AG
●ULyondellBasell Industries NV
● I-Shell Plc
●I-Solvay
●IiPolymers zeRoto
●Inkampani yeDow Chemical
●Inkampani yePlastics yaseNan Ya
●I-Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Corporation
●Inkampani yaseCelanese
● Iqela le-INEOS
●I-Exxon Mobil Corporation

Uphuhliso lweShishini leMarike yePolymer Resin

Meyi 2023: ULyondellBasell kunye neVeolia Belgium baqalise i-joint venture (JV) yeQuality Circular Polymers (QCP) ephinda isebenzise iplastiki. Ngokuhambelana nesivumelwano, iLyondellBasell iza kuthenga inzala yeVeolia Belgium engama-50% kwiQCP ukuze ibe ngumnini wenkampani kuphela. Olu thengiso luhambelana nesicwangciso sikaLyondellBasell sokwakha inkampani ephumelelayo yezoqoqosho olujikelezayo kunye nezisombululo eziphantsi kwekhabhoni ukuze kujongwane nemfuno ekhulayo yeempahla kunye neenkonzo ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.

Matshi 2023ULyondellBasell kunye neMepol Group bangene kwisigqibo sokuthenga iMepol Group. Oku kuthengwa kubonisa ukuzinikela kukaLyondellBasell ekuphuculeni uqoqosho olujikelezayo.

Novemba-2022: IShell Chemical Appalachia LLC, inkampani engaphantsi kweShell plc, ibhengeze ukuba iShell Polymers Monaca (SPM), iprojekthi yePennsylvania Chemical, iqalile ukusebenza. Umzi-mveliso wasePennsylvania, onemveliso ekujoliswe kuyo ye-1.6 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka, yinkampani yokuqala ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa i-polyethylene kuMntla-mpuma we-United States.

Meyi 2024:Ngokuqalisa ukusebenza kwesityalo sayo sokuqala sase-US sokwenza iikhompawundi zeplastiki ze-EC kunye nee-masterbatches, i-Premix Oy ngoku imisele ngokusesikweni iofisi e-United States. Abathetheli bale nkampani balindele ukuba esi sityalo singezelelweyo siya kuvumela "abathengi ukuba basebenzise izixhobo ezivela kumazwekazi amabini abavelisi bethu abakumgangatho ophezulu. Njengomthengi we-Premix e-US, uya kuxhamla kwiimveliso kunye neenkonzo ezenziwe apha ekhaya, eziya kuqinisekisa amaxesha amafutshane okukhokela kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu lokubonelela. Kudliwanondlebe, bathi abasebenzi abangama-30-35 baya kuqeshwa xa isityalo esikuthethwa ngaso kulindeleke ukuba sisebenze ekupheleni kwekota yokuqala ka-2025. Kusetyenziswe iitreyi ze-ESD kwiibhokisi ze-foam zokupakisha ngobuninzi, iikreyithi, kunye neepallet. Ezi khompawundi zingasetyenziswa kwiitreyi ze-ESD component, kwiifoam zokupakisha ngobuninzi, iibhokisi, iikreyithi kunye neepallet. Namhlanje, ukusebenza eFinland kunamandla okudibanisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeepolymers ezisisiseko ezifana ne-ABS, i-polycarbonate, imixube yee-PC/ABS, i-nylon 6, i-PBT kunye ne-thermoplastic elastomers, i-TPES kunye ne-thermoplastic polyurethanes TPUs.

Agasti 2024:I-resin entsha ye-polybutylene terephthalate engazaliswanga, eguqulwe impembelelo ngoku ifumaneka kwiPolymer Resources, inkampani edibanisa ii-resin zobunjineli e-US. I-resin ye-TP-FR-IM3 ingasetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kombane kwiimeko zemozulu ezifana neendawo zokuvala/izindlu zangaphandle, ezingaphandle nezingaphakathi. Inamandla okumelana nemozulu, amandla okumelana nempembelelo, ukumelana neekhemikhali kunye nokunganyamezelani komlilo. I-Tagheuer ithi ifumene isiqinisekiso sombala wonke phantsi kwe-UL743C F1. Ikwahlangabezana nemigangatho ye-UL94 V0 kunye ne-UL94 5VA yokuthintela umlilo xa ubukhulu bayo buyi-1.5 mm (.06 intshi) kwaye inikezela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula ezifana namandla okuchaphazela aphezulu, ukumelana nombane ophezulu, amandla ombane aphezulu kunye nokulahleka okuphantsi kwe-dielectric. Olu hlobo lutsha lukwahambelana nombala wonke we-UL F1 wokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwaye luyakwazi ukumelana neekhemikhali ezinzima zengca kunye negadi, iimoto kunye nezokucoca.

Ukwahlulwahlulwa kweMarike yePolymer Resin Imbonakalo yohlobo lweResin yeMarike yePolymer Resin

● I-Polystyrene
●I-Polyethylene
● I-Polyvinyl Chloride
● I-Polypropylene
●I-Polystyrene Enokwandiswa
●Ezinye

Imbonakalo yesicelo seMarike yePolymer Resin

●Ezombane kunye neze-elektroniki
●Ulwakhiwo
● Ezonyango
●Iimoto
●Umthengi
● Ezemizi-mveliso
●Ukupakisha
●Abanye

Imbonakalo yeSithili yeMarike yePolymer Resin

●Emantla Melika

i-oUS

oKhanada

● IYurophu

oJamani

eFransi

i-oUK

e-Itali

eSpain

uKunye neYurophu

●IAsia-Pacific

iTshayina

oJapan

i-oIndia

eOstreliya

oMzantsi Korea

eOstreliya

oOkunye kwiAsia-Pacific

●uMbindi Mpuma kunye neAfrika

oSaudi Arabia

i-oUAE

eMzantsi Afrika

o KuMbindi Mpuma kunye neAfrika

● iLatin America

eBrazil

eArgentina

o Kuphela kweLatin America