Iqela Elisebenzayo

Kwikhemistri, ngakumbi kwikhemistri yezinto eziphilayo, iqela elisebenzayo liqela elithile lee-athomu ngaphakathi kwimolekyuli elinoxanduva lwempendulo yekhemikhali yemolekyuli. Cinga ngayo "njengendawo esebenzayo" okanye "inxalenye echaza ukuziphatha" yemolekyuli yezinto eziphilayo. Nokuba ingakanani na ubungakanani okanye imilo yemolekyuli eseleyo, iqela elisebenzayo liziphatha ngendlela eqikelelweyo kwiimpendulo zekhemikhali.

Kutheni Amaqela Asebenzayo Ebalulekile?

Amaqela asebenzayo amisela iipropati kunye nokusebenza kweekhompawundi ze-organic. Iingcali zekhemistri zisebenzisa ezi khemikhali ukwahlulahlula iimolekyuli ze-organic kunye nokuqikelela indlela eziza kusabela ngayo. Umzekelo, ii-alcohols, ii-acids, ii-esters, kunye nee-ketones zonke ziqulathe amaqela ahlukeneyo asebenzayo, kwaye nganye isabela ngokwahlukileyo kwiimpendulo zeekhemikhali.

Ngokuchonga amaqela asebenzayo kwimolekyuli, ungenza oku kulandelayo:

● Xela kwangaphambili indlela eza kuziphatha ngayo kwiimpendulo zamakhemikhali.
● Qonda indlela enyibilika ngayo (nokuba iyanyibilika emanzini okanye ayinyibiliki).
● Qinisekisa ukuba ingaba ine-asidi okanye isisiseko.
● Xela kwangaphambili iqondo lokubila okanye lokunyibilika kwayo.

Imizekelo yamaqela aqhelekileyo okusebenza

Makhe sijonge amanye amaqela asebenzayo aqhelekileyo kwi-organic chemistry:

1. Iqela leHydroxyl (-OH)

● Ifumaneka kwii-alcohol.
● Yenza iimolekyuli zibe zii-polar kwaye zikwazi ukwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen.
● Umzekelo: I-Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. Iqela leCarbonyl (C=O)

● Ifumaneka kwiiketones kunye neealdehydes.
● Ikhabhoni edityaniswe kabini kwiathom yeoksijini.
● Umzekelo:
I-Ketone: I-Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
I-Aldehyde: I-Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. Iqela leCarboxyl (-COOH)

● Ifumaneka kwii-carboxylic acids.
● Yenza imolekyuli ibe neasidi.
● Umzekelo: I-asidi ye-acetic (CH₃COOH), eyona asidi iphambili kwiviniga.

4. Iqela le-Amino (-NH₂)

● Ifumaneka kwii-amines nakwii-amino acids.
● Ingasebenza njengesiseko kwaye yamkele iiproton.
● Umzekelo: I-Glycine, i-amino acid.

5. Iqela le-Ester (-COO-)

● Ifumaneka kwii-esters.
● Iziqhamo zihlala zinika ivumba lazo elimnandi.
● Yenziwe nge-asidi kunye notywala.
● Umzekelo: I-ethyl acetate (esetyenziswa kwi-nail polish remover).

6. Iqela le-Ether (ROR)

● Iathom yeoksijini edityaniswe namaqela amabini ekhabhoni.
● Ixhaphakile kwizinyibilikisi.
● Umzekelo: I-Diethyl ether.

7. Iqela leHalide (CX)

● Apho u-X = i-halogen efana no-F, u-Cl, u-Br, okanye u-I.
● Ifumaneka kwi-alkyl halides.
● Isetyenziswa kwiziqandisi nakwizinto ezithintela ilangabi.

8. Iqela leSulfhydryl (-SH)

● Ifunyenwe kwiithiols.
● Ifana ne-hydroxyl kodwa ine-sulfur.
● Ibalulekile kwisakhiwo seprotheyini (iibhondi ze-disulfide).

Amaqela asebenzayo kunye neReactivity

Ubukho beqela elithile elisebenzayo kwimolekyuli bumisela kakhulu indlela loo molekyuli eza kusabela ngayo. Umzekelo:

● Iialcohols (-OH) zinokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ukuze zenze ii-alkenes.
● Ii-asidi ze-carboxylic (-COOH) zinokusabela kunye nee-alcohols ukuze zenze ii-esters.
● Ii-amines (-NH₂) zinokusebenza njengeziseko kwaye zamkele ii-ion ze-hydrogen.

Olu hlobo lokuziphatha oluqikelelweyo luluncedo kakhulu kwikhemistri yokwenziwa, uyilo lwamayeza, kunye nesayensi yezinto eziphathekayo.

Amaqela asebenzayo kwiimolekyuli zebhayoloji

Amaqela asebenzayo nawo abalulekile ebomini. Kwi-biochemistry, ulwakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi weeproteni, i-DNA, iicarbohydrates, kunye namafutha kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumaqela asebenzayo aqulethwe kuzo.

● Iiproteni ziqulathe amaqela e-amino (-NH₂) kunye ne-carboxyl (-COOH).
● Iicarbohydrate zihlala ziqulathe amaqela e-hydroxyl (-OH) kunye ne-carbonyl (C=O).
● I-DNA kunye ne-RNA ziqulathe amaqela e-phosphate (-PO₄) kunye neziseko ezine-nitrogen.

La maqela avumela iimolekyuli zebhayoloji ukuba zisebenzisane, zenze iibhondi zehydrogen, zidlulisele amandla, nokunye.

Indlela iiKhemistri ezisebenzisa ngayo amaqela asebenzayo

Iingcali zekhemistri zihlala zisebenzisa i-functional group notation xa zizoba okanye zibiza iimolekyuli. Kwii-chemical reactions, zinokubhekisa kwii-reactions zeqela elibandakanyekayo. Umzekelo:

● “Ukuxiliswa kotywala” kubhekisa kwiimpendulo ezibandakanya amaqela e--OH.
● “Ukutshintshwa kwe-Nucleophilic” kudla ngokubandakanya amaqela asebenzayo e-halide.

Basebenzisa nohlalutyo lweqela olusebenzayo ukuchonga iikhompawundi ezingaziwayo besebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-infrared (IR) spectroscopy kunye ne-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), kuba iqela ngalinye lifunxa amandla ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Isishwankathelo

Iqela elisebenzayo liqela elithile lee-athomu kwimolekyuli enika imolekyuli iipropati zayo ezithile kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Zisisiseko sekhemistri yendalo, zibonelela ngendlela yokwahlulahlula nokuqikelela ukuziphatha kweemolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo. Ukusuka kwiialcohols ezilula ukuya kwi-DNA entsonkothileyo, amaqela asebenzayo anceda ekuchazeni ulwakhiwo, umsebenzi, kunye nokusebenza kweekhemikhali. Ukuziqonda kubalulekile ekuqondeni ikhemistri, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifana neyeza, ibhayoloji, kunye nekhemistri yemizi-mveliso.