Iqela eliSebenzayo

Kwimichiza, ngakumbi kwi-organic chemistry, iqela elisebenzayo liqela elithile le-athomu ngaphakathi kwemolekyuli enoxanduva lokusabela kwekhemikhali. Yicinge nje "njengendawo esebenzayo" okanye "indawo echaza indlela yokuziphatha" yemolekyuli yendalo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubungakanani okanye imilo ye-molecule yonke, iqela elisebenzayo liziphatha ngendlela eqikelelwayo kwiimpendulo zemichiza.

Kutheni Amaqela aSebenzayo Ebalulekile?

Amaqela asebenzayo amisela iipropati kunye nokusebenza kwakhona kwezinto eziphilayo. Iikhemisti zizisebenzisela ukwahlula iimolekyuli zezinto eziphilayo kwaye ziqikelele ukuba ziya kusabela njani. Ngokomzekelo, i-alcohols, i-acids, i-esters, kunye ne-ketones zonke ziqulethe amaqela ahlukeneyo asebenzayo, kwaye nganye isabela ngokuhlukileyo kwiimpendulo zamachiza.

Ngokuchonga amaqela asebenzayo kwimolekyuli, unako:

● Qikelela ukuba iya kuziphatha njani na kwimichiza.
● Qonda ukunyibilika kwayo (nokuba inyibilika emanzini okanye hayi).
● Qinisekisa ukuba ineasidi okanye isisiseko.
● Qikelela ukubila okanye ukunyibilika kwayo.

Imizekelo yamaQela aSebenzayo aqhelekileyo

Makhe siye ngaphaya kwamanye amaqela asebenzayo aqhelekileyo kwi-organic chemistry:

1. IQela leHydroxyl (-OH)

● Ifumaneka kwiinxili.
● Yenza iimolekyuli zibe polar kwaye zikwazi ukwenza iibhondi zehydrogen.
● Umzekelo: I-Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. IQela leCarbonyl (C=O)

● Kufunyaniswa kwii-ketones neealdehydes.
● Ikhabhoni edityaniswe kabini kwiathom yeoksijini.
● Umzekelo:
I-Ketone: IAcetone (CH₃COCH₃)
I-Aldehyde: I-Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. IQela leCarboxyl (-COOH)

● Ifunyenwe kwi-carboxylic acids.
● Yenza le molekyuli ibe neasidi.
● Umzekelo: I-Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), eyona acid kwiviniga.

4. Iqela le-Amino (-NH₂)

● Ifumaneka kwiiamines nakwii-amino acids.
● Ingasebenza njengesiseko kwaye yamkele iiprotons.
● Umzekelo: I-Glycine, i-amino acid.

5. Iqela le-Ester (-COO-)

● Ifunyenwe kwii-esters.
● Ngokufuthi zinika iziqhamo ivumba lazo elimnandi.
● Yenziwa ngeasidi kunye notywala.
● Umzekelo: I-Ethyl acetate (esetyenziswa kwi-nail polish remover).

6. Iqela le-Ether (ROR)

● Iathom yeoksijini eqhagamshelwe kumaqela amabini ekhabhoni.
● Ixhaphakile kwizinyibilikisi.
● Umzekelo: Diethyl ether.

7. Iqela leHalide (CX)

● Apho X = ihalogen efana noF, Cl, Br, okanye I.
● Ifunyenwe kwi-alkyl halides.
● Isetyenziswa kwizikhenkcezisi kunye neeretadants zomlilo.

8. Iqela leSulfhydryl (-SH)

● Ifunyanwa kwiithiols.
● Iyafana nehydroxyl kodwa nesalfure.
● Kubalulekile kwisakhiwo seprotheni (i-disulfide bonds).

Amaqela aSebenzayo kunye nokuSebenza kwakhona

Ubukho beqela elithile elisebenzayo kwimolekyuli ubukhulu becala bumisela indlela eya kusabela ngayo loo molekyuli. Umzekelo:

● Utywala (-OH) bunokukhutshwa ukuze buvelise iialkenes.
● I-Carboxylic acids (-COOH) inokusabela kunye ne-alcohols ukwenza ii-esters.
● I-amines (-NH₂) inokusebenza njengeziseko kwaye yamkele iiyoni ze-hydrogen.

Oku kuziphatha kuqikelelwa kuluncedo kakhulu kwikhemikhali yokwenziwa, uyilo lwamachiza, nakwisayensi yezinto.

Amaqela aSebenzayo kwiiMolekyu zebhayoloji

Amaqela asebenzayo nawo angundoqo ebomini. Kwi-biochemistry, isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi weeprotheni, i-DNA, i-carbohydrates, kunye namafutha axhomekeke kakhulu kumaqela asebenzayo aqulethwe.

● Iiprotheyini ziqulethe i-amino (-NH₂) kunye namaqela e-carboxyl (-COOH).
● Iicarbohydrate zihlala zine-hydroxyl (-OH) kunye ne-carbonyl (C=O) amaqela.
● I-DNA kunye ne-RNA inamaqela e-phosphate (-PO₄) kunye neziseko ezinenitrogen.

La maqela avumela iimolekyuli zebhayoloji ukuba zidibanise, zenze iibhondi ze-hydrogen, ukuhambisa amandla, kunye nokunye.

Indlela iiKhemisti eziSebenza ngayo amaQela aSebenzayo

Iikhemisti zihlala zisebenzisa ubhalo lweqela elisebenzayo xa zizoba okanye zithiya iimolekyuli. Kwiimpendulo zemichiza, zinokubhekisa kwiimpendulo zeqela elibandakanyekayo. Umzekelo:

● "I-Alcohol oxidation" ibhekisela kwiimpendulo ezibandakanya amaqela -OH.
● “I-nucleophilic substitution” idla ngokubandakanya amaqela asebenzayo e-halide.

Bakwasebenzisa uhlalutyo lweqela elisebenzayo ukuchonga iikhompawundi ezingaziwayo kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifana ne-infrared (IR) spectroscopy kunye nenuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ekubeni iqela ngalinye lifunxa amandla ngendlela eyodwa.

Isishwankathelo

Iqela elisebenzayo liqela elithile leathom kwimolekyuli enika imolekyuli iimpawu zayo ezithile kunye nokusebenza kwakhona. Ziyisiseko se-organic chemistry, ebonelela ngendlela yokuhlela kunye nokuqikelela ukuziphatha kwama-molecule anzima. Ukususela kwii-alcohols ezilula ukuya kwi-DNA eyinkimbinkimbi, amaqela asebenzayo anceda ukuchaza isakhiwo, umsebenzi, kunye nokusebenza kwakhona kweekhemikhali. Ukuziqonda kubalulekile ukuze ubambe ikhemistri, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinje ngamayeza, ibhayoloji, kunye nekhemistri yeshishini.